我們這些可憐蟲,只有沿著大神的思路,這樣我們才能進(jìn)步得更快;因為我們不是跟大神處于同一級別上。所以我這里是參考《How Tomcat Works》這本英文版的大作來理解tomcat的工作原理
本人認(rèn)為,Tomcat容器源碼是學(xué)習(xí)java編程以及設(shè)計模式等的絕佳范例,深入理解其源碼對我輩開發(fā)人員的編程水平提高大有裨益!
我們可以從該書指定的官方網(wǎng)址下載相關(guān)示例源碼 http://www.brainysoftware.com,本文順著作者的思路,介紹一個簡單的web服務(wù)器
我們知道,web服務(wù)器是使用http協(xié)議與客戶端進(jìn)行通信,所以讀者有必要先了解http協(xié)議格式;基于java的web服務(wù)器會使用兩個重要的類 java.net.Socket與java.net.ServerSocket(服務(wù)器端與客戶端通過Socket通信)
關(guān)于http協(xié)議,網(wǎng)上的資料汗牛充棟,本人在這里加上簡略的描述(http協(xié)議基于tcp協(xié)議)
http客戶端請求包括如下部分:
Method-URI-Protocol/Version 方法-地址-版本
Request header 請求頭
Entity body 請求實體
比如 http://www.outletss.com/ ?是本人以前幫客戶做的網(wǎng)站,如果我們在瀏覽器打開該url地址,實際上客戶端向服務(wù)器發(fā)送了如下格式的消息
GET http://www.outletss.com/ HTTP/1.1
Host: www.outletss.com
Connection: keep-alive
Accept: text/html
,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml
;
q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/27.0.1453.116 Safari/537.36
Accept-Encoding: gzip
,deflate,
sdch
Accept-Language: zh-CN
,zh
;
q=0.8
Cookie: lzstat_uv=12863370662865423613|2989608
;
CKFinder_Path=Images%3A%2F%3A1; JSESSIONID=D7F9EC74149CB674D19A253B46273A77; lzstat_ss=1366758708_0_1375562495_2989608
http服務(wù)器端響應(yīng)包括如下部分:
Protocol-Status code-Description 協(xié)議狀態(tài) 描述代碼
Response headers 響應(yīng)頭
Entity body 響應(yīng)實體
然后服務(wù)器端向客戶端響應(yīng)了如下格式的消息
HTTP/1.1 200
OK
Connection: close
Date: Sat
, 03 Aug 2013 15:00:30
GMT
Server: Microsoft-IIS/
6.0
X-UA-Compatible: IE
=
EmulateIE7
X-Powered-By: ASP.NET
Set-Cookie: JSESSIONID
=0A5B07FF5661CA6F8D87937A54B4EEF5
;
Path=/; HttpOnly
Content-Type: text/html
;
charset=UTF-8
Content-Language: zh-CN
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC
"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"
>
<html xmlns
="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
>
//這里省略了html代碼
</html>
基于java的Socket編程,可以參考java網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程相關(guān)資料,Socket服務(wù)器端與客戶端的網(wǎng)絡(luò)交互與本地文件系統(tǒng)I/O具有一致的編程模型,基本上也是輸入流與輸出流的概念(如果你不懂輸入流輸出流的概念,基本上還要去修煉)
Socket分為客戶端與服務(wù)器端,Socket表示客戶端套接字,ServerSocket表示服務(wù)器端套接字,我們參考書中示例,看一個簡單的服務(wù)器怎么實現(xiàn)
HttpServer類表示一個web服務(wù)器,示例代碼如下:
public
class
HttpServer {
/**
WEB_ROOT is the directory where our HTML and other files reside.
* For this package, WEB_ROOT is the "webroot" directory under the working
* directory.
* The working directory is the location in the file system
* from where the java command was invoked.
*/
public
static
final
String WEB_ROOT =
System.getProperty(
"user.dir") + File.separator + "webroot"
;
//
shutdown command
private
static
final
String SHUTDOWN_COMMAND = "/SHUTDOWN"
;
//
the shutdown command received
private
boolean
shutdown =
false
;
public
static
void
main(String[] args) {
HttpServer server
=
new
HttpServer();
server.await();
}
public
void
await() {
ServerSocket serverSocket
=
null
;
int
port = 8080
;
try
{
serverSocket
=
new
ServerSocket(port, 1, InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"
));
}
catch
(IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
System.exit(
1
);
}
//
Loop waiting for a request
while
(!
shutdown) {
Socket socket
=
null
;
InputStream input
=
null
;
OutputStream output
=
null
;
try
{
socket
=
serverSocket.accept();
input
=
socket.getInputStream();
output
=
socket.getOutputStream();
//
create Request object and parse
Request request =
new
Request(input);
request.parse();
//
create Response object
Response response =
new
Response(output);
response.setRequest(request);
response.sendStaticResource();
//
Close the socket
socket.close();
//
check if the previous URI is a shutdown command
shutdown =
request.getUri().equals(SHUTDOWN_COMMAND);
}
catch
(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
continue
;
}
}
}
}
在上面代碼里面,首先創(chuàng)建一個ServerSocket實例,然后用一個while循環(huán)監(jiān)聽客戶端請求,接收到客戶端請求后,通過ServerSocket實例的accept方法返回Socket實例,將該Socket實例的輸入流與輸出流封裝成Request實例與Response實例,并調(diào)用Response實例的void sendStaticResource()方法響應(yīng)請求。
Request類代碼如下:
public
class
Request {
private
InputStream input;
private
String uri;
public
Request(InputStream input) {
this
.input =
input;
}
public
void
parse() {
//
Read a set of characters from the socket
StringBuffer request =
new
StringBuffer(2048
);
int
i;
byte
[] buffer =
new
byte
[2048
];
try
{
i
=
input.read(buffer);
}
catch
(IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
i
= -1
;
}
for
(
int
j=0; j<i; j++
) {
request.append((
char
) buffer[j]);
}
System.out.print(request.toString());
uri
=
parseUri(request.toString());
}
private
String parseUri(String requestString) {
int
index1, index2;
index1
= requestString.indexOf(' '
);
if
(index1 != -1
) {
index2
= requestString.indexOf(' ', index1 + 1
);
if
(index2 >
index1)
return
requestString.substring(index1 + 1
, index2);
}
return
null
;
}
public
String getUri() {
return
uri;
}
}
上面的void parse()方法是解析客戶端的請求參數(shù),這里是解析客戶端請求的URL地址
Response類的代碼如下:
/*
HTTP Response = Status-Line
*(( general-header | response-header | entity-header ) CRLF)
CRLF
[ message-body ]
Status-Line = HTTP-Version SP Status-Code SP Reason-Phrase CRLF
*/
public
class
Response {
private
static
final
int
BUFFER_SIZE = 1024
;
Request request;
OutputStream output;
public
Response(OutputStream output) {
this
.output =
output;
}
public
void
setRequest(Request request) {
this
.request =
request;
}
public
void
sendStaticResource()
throws
IOException {
byte
[] bytes =
new
byte
[BUFFER_SIZE];
FileInputStream fis
=
null
;
try
{
File file
=
new
File(HttpServer.WEB_ROOT, request.getUri());
if
(file.exists()) {
fis
=
new
FileInputStream(file);
int
ch = fis.read(bytes, 0
, BUFFER_SIZE);
while
(ch!=-1
) {
output.write(bytes,
0
, ch);
ch
= fis.read(bytes, 0
, BUFFER_SIZE);
}
}
else
{
//
file not found
String errorMessage = "HTTP/1.1 404 File Not Found\r\n" +
"Content-Type: text/html\r\n" +
"Content-Length: 23\r\n" +
"\r\n" +
"<h1>File Not Found</h1>"
;
output.write(errorMessage.getBytes());
}
}
catch
(Exception e) {
//
thrown if cannot instantiate a File object
System.out.println(e.toString() );
}
finally
{
if
(fis!=
null
)
fis.close();
}
}
}
這里最重要的是void sendStaticResource()方法,用于向輸出流寫入數(shù)據(jù)(這里是靜態(tài)文件),響應(yīng)客戶端請求
本文介紹的是一個最簡單的web服務(wù)器,Tomcat容器的復(fù)雜性遠(yuǎn)不止如此簡單,待后文接著分析
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