需要用到的包：
beautifulsoup4
html5lib
image
requests
redis
PyMySQL
pip安裝所有依賴包：
pip install \
Image \
requests \
beautifulsoup4 \
html5lib \
redis \
PyMySQL
運(yùn)行環(huán)境需要支持中文
測(cè)試運(yùn)行環(huán)境python3.5，不保證其他運(yùn)行環(huán)境能完美運(yùn)行
需要安裝mysql和redis
配置
config.ini
文件，設(shè)置好mysql和redis，并且填寫你的知乎帳號(hào)
向數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)導(dǎo)入
init.sql
Run
開(kāi)始抓取數(shù)據(jù):
python get_user.py
查看抓取數(shù)量:
python check_redis.py
效果
總體思路
1.首先是模擬登陸知乎，利用保存登陸的cookie信息
2.抓取知乎頁(yè)面的html代碼，留待下一步繼續(xù)進(jìn)行分析提取信息
3.分析提取頁(yè)面中用戶的個(gè)性化url，放入redis（這里特別說(shuō)明一下redis的思路用法，將提取到的用戶的個(gè)性化url放入redis的一個(gè)名為already_get_user的hash table，表示已抓取的用戶，對(duì)于已抓取過(guò)的用戶判斷是否存在于already_get_user以去除重復(fù)抓取，同時(shí)將個(gè)性化url放入user_queue的隊(duì)列中，需要抓取新用戶時(shí)pop隊(duì)列獲取新的用戶）
4.獲取用戶的關(guān)注列表和粉絲列表，繼續(xù)插入到redis
5.從redis的user_queue隊(duì)列中獲取新用戶繼續(xù)重復(fù)步驟3
模擬登陸知乎
首先是登陸，登陸功能作為一個(gè)包封裝了在login里面，方便整合調(diào)用
header部分，這里Connection最好設(shè)為close，不然可能會(huì)碰到max retireve exceed的錯(cuò)誤
原因在于普通的連接是keep-alive的但是卻又沒(méi)有關(guān)閉
# http請(qǐng)求的header
headers = {
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.143 Safari/537.36",
"Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8",
"Host": "www.zhihu.com",
"Referer": "https://www.zhihu.com/",
"Origin": "https://www.zhihu.com/",
"Upgrade-Insecure-Requests": "1",
"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",
"Pragma": "no-cache",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, br",
'Connection': 'close'
}
# 驗(yàn)證是否登陸
def check_login(self):
check_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile'
try:
login_check = self.__session.get(check_url, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
except Exception as err:
print(traceback.print_exc())
print(err)
print("驗(yàn)證登陸失敗，請(qǐng)檢查網(wǎng)絡(luò)")
sys.exit()
print("驗(yàn)證登陸的http status code為：" + str(login_check.status_code))
if int(login_check.status_code) == 200:
return True
else:
return False
進(jìn)入首頁(yè)查看http狀態(tài)碼來(lái)驗(yàn)證是否登陸，200為已經(jīng)登陸，一般304就是被重定向所以就是沒(méi)有登陸
# 獲取驗(yàn)證碼
def get_captcha(self):
t = str(time.time() * 1000)
captcha_url = 'http://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif?r=' + t + "&type=login"
r = self.__session.get(captcha_url, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
with open('captcha.jpg', 'wb') as f:
f.write(r.content)
f.close()
# 用pillow 的 Image 顯示驗(yàn)證碼
# 如果沒(méi)有安裝 pillow 到源代碼所在的目錄去找到驗(yàn)證碼然后手動(dòng)輸入
'''try:
im = Image.open('captcha.jpg')
im.show()
im.close()
except:'''
print(u'請(qǐng)到 %s 目錄找到captcha.jpg 手動(dòng)輸入' % os.path.abspath('captcha.jpg'))
captcha = input("請(qǐng)輸入驗(yàn)證碼\n>")
return captcha
獲取驗(yàn)證碼的方法。當(dāng)?shù)卿洿螖?shù)太多有可能會(huì)要求輸入驗(yàn)證碼，這里實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)功能
# 獲取xsrf
def get_xsrf(self):
index_url = 'http://www.zhihu.com'
# 獲取登錄時(shí)需要用到的_xsrf
try:
index_page = self.__session.get(index_url, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
except:
print('獲取知乎頁(yè)面失敗，請(qǐng)檢查網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接')
sys.exit()
html = index_page.text
# 這里的_xsrf 返回的是一個(gè)list
BS = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser')
xsrf_input = BS.find(attrs={'name': '_xsrf'})
pattern = r'value=\"(.*?)\"'
print(xsrf_input)
self.__xsrf = re.findall(pattern, str(xsrf_input))
return self.__xsrf[0]
獲取xsrf，為什么要獲取xsrf呢，因?yàn)閤srf是一種防止跨站攻擊的手段，具體介紹可以看這里csrf
在獲取到xsrf之后把xsrf存入cookie當(dāng)中，并且在調(diào)用api的時(shí)候帶上x(chóng)srf作為頭部，不然的話知乎會(huì)返回403
# 進(jìn)行模擬登陸
def do_login(self):
try:
# 模擬登陸
if self.check_login():
print('您已經(jīng)登錄')
return
else:
if self.config.get("zhihu_account", "username") and self.config.get("zhihu_account", "password"):
self.username = self.config.get("zhihu_account", "username")
self.password = self.config.get("zhihu_account", "password")
else:
self.username = input('請(qǐng)輸入你的用戶名\n> ')
self.password = input("請(qǐng)輸入你的密碼\n> ")
except Exception as err:
print(traceback.print_exc())
print(err)
sys.exit()
if re.match(r"^1\d{10}$", self.username):
print("手機(jī)登陸\n")
post_url = 'http://www.zhihu.com/login/phone_num'
postdata = {
'_xsrf': self.get_xsrf(),
'password': self.password,
'remember_me': 'true',
'phone_num': self.username,
}
else:
print("郵箱登陸\n")
post_url = 'http://www.zhihu.com/login/email'
postdata = {
'_xsrf': self.get_xsrf(),
'password': self.password,
'remember_me': 'true',
'email': self.username,
}
try:
login_page = self.__session.post(post_url, postdata, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
login_text = json.loads(login_page.text.encode('latin-1').decode('unicode-escape'))
print(postdata)
print(login_text)
# 需要輸入驗(yàn)證碼 r = 0為登陸成功代碼
if login_text['r'] == 1:
sys.exit()
except:
postdata['captcha'] = self.get_captcha()
login_page = self.__session.post(post_url, postdata, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
print(json.loads(login_page.text.encode('latin-1').decode('unicode-escape')))
# 保存登陸cookie
self.__session.cookies.save()
這個(gè)就是核心的登陸功能啦，非常關(guān)鍵的就是用到了requests庫(kù)，非常方便的保存到session
我們這里全局都是用單例模式，統(tǒng)一使用同一個(gè)requests.session對(duì)象進(jìn)行訪問(wèn)功能，保持登錄狀態(tài)的一致性
最后主要調(diào)用登陸的代碼為
# 創(chuàng)建login對(duì)象
lo = login.login.Login(self.session)
# 模擬登陸
if lo.check_login():
print('您已經(jīng)登錄')
else:
if self.config.get("zhihu_account", "username") and self.config.get("zhihu_account", "username"):
username = self.config.get("zhihu_account", "username")
password = self.config.get("zhihu_account", "password")
else:
username = input('請(qǐng)輸入你的用戶名\n> ')
password = input("請(qǐng)輸入你的密碼\n> ")
lo.do_login(username, password)
知乎模擬登陸到此就完成啦
知乎用戶抓取
def __init__(self, threadID=1, name=''):
# 多線程
print("線程" + str(threadID) + "初始化")
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
try:
print("線程" + str(threadID) + "初始化成功")
except Exception as err:
print(err)
print("線程" + str(threadID) + "開(kāi)啟失敗")
self.threadLock = threading.Lock()
# 獲取配置
self.config = configparser.ConfigParser()
self.config.read("config.ini")
# 初始化session
requests.adapters.DEFAULT_RETRIES = 5
self.session = requests.Session()
self.session.cookies = cookielib.LWPCookieJar(filename='cookie')
self.session.keep_alive = False
try:
self.session.cookies.load(ignore_discard=True)
except:
print('Cookie 未能加載')
finally:
pass
# 創(chuàng)建login對(duì)象
lo = Login(self.session)
lo.do_login()
# 初始化redis連接
try:
redis_host = self.config.get("redis", "host")
redis_port = self.config.get("redis", "port")
self.redis_con = redis.Redis(host=redis_host, port=redis_port, db=0)
# 刷新redis庫(kù)
# self.redis_con.flushdb()
except:
print("請(qǐng)安裝redis或檢查redis連接配置")
sys.exit()
# 初始化數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)連接
try:
db_host = self.config.get("db", "host")
db_port = int(self.config.get("db", "port"))
db_user = self.config.get("db", "user")
db_pass = self.config.get("db", "password")
db_db = self.config.get("db", "db")
db_charset = self.config.get("db", "charset")
self.db = pymysql.connect(host=db_host, port=db_port, user=db_user, passwd=db_pass, db=db_db,
charset=db_charset)
self.db_cursor = self.db.cursor()
except:
print("請(qǐng)檢查數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)配置")
sys.exit()
# 初始化系統(tǒng)設(shè)置
self.max_queue_len = int(self.config.get("sys", "max_queue_len"))
這個(gè)是get_user.py的構(gòu)造函數(shù)，主要功能就是初始化mysql連接、redis連接、驗(yàn)證登陸、生成全局的session對(duì)象、導(dǎo)入系統(tǒng)配置、開(kāi)啟多線程。
# 獲取首頁(yè)html
def get_index_page(self):
index_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/'
try:
index_html = self.session.get(index_url, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
except Exception as err:
# 出現(xiàn)異常重試
print("獲取頁(yè)面失敗，正在重試......")
print(err)
traceback.print_exc()
return None
finally:
pass
return index_html.text
# 獲取單個(gè)用戶詳情頁(yè)面
def get_user_page(self, name_url):
user_page_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com' + str(name_url) + '/about'
try:
index_html = self.session.get(user_page_url, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
except Exception as err:
# 出現(xiàn)異常重試
print("失敗name_url：" + str(name_url) + "獲取頁(yè)面失敗，放棄該用戶")
print(err)
traceback.print_exc()
return None
finally:
pass
return index_html.text
# 獲取粉絲頁(yè)面
def get_follower_page(self, name_url):
user_page_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com' + str(name_url) + '/followers'
try:
index_html = self.session.get(user_page_url, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
except Exception as err:
# 出現(xiàn)異常重試
print("失敗name_url：" + str(name_url) + "獲取頁(yè)面失敗，放棄該用戶")
print(err)
traceback.print_exc()
return None
finally:
pass
return index_html.text
def get_following_page(self, name_url):
user_page_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com' + str(name_url) + '/followers'
try:
index_html = self.session.get(user_page_url, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
except Exception as err:
# 出現(xiàn)異常重試
print("失敗name_url：" + str(name_url) + "獲取頁(yè)面失敗，放棄該用戶")
print(err)
traceback.print_exc()
return None
finally:
pass
return index_html.text
# 獲取首頁(yè)上的用戶列表，存入redis
def get_index_page_user(self):
index_html = self.get_index_page()
if not index_html:
return
BS = BeautifulSoup(index_html, "html.parser")
self.get_xsrf(index_html)
user_a = BS.find_all("a", class_="author-link") # 獲取用戶的a標(biāo)簽
for a in user_a:
if a:
self.add_wait_user(a.get('href'))
else:
continue
這一部分的代碼就是用于抓取各個(gè)頁(yè)面的html代碼
# 加入帶抓取用戶隊(duì)列，先用redis判斷是否已被抓取過(guò)
def add_wait_user(self, name_url):
# 判斷是否已抓取
self.threadLock.acquire()
if not self.redis_con.hexists('already_get_user', name_url):
self.counter += 1
print(name_url + " 加入隊(duì)列")
self.redis_con.hset('already_get_user', name_url, 1)
self.redis_con.lpush('user_queue', name_url)
print("添加用戶 " + name_url + "到隊(duì)列")
self.threadLock.release()
# 獲取頁(yè)面出錯(cuò)移出redis
def del_already_user(self, name_url):
self.threadLock.acquire()
if not self.redis_con.hexists('already_get_user', name_url):
self.counter -= 1
self.redis_con.hdel('already_get_user', name_url)
self.threadLock.release()
用戶加入redis的操作，在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)插入出錯(cuò)時(shí)我們調(diào)用del_already_user刪除插入出錯(cuò)的用戶
# 分析粉絲頁(yè)面獲取用戶的所有粉絲用戶
# @param follower_page get_follower_page()中獲取到的頁(yè)面，這里獲取用戶hash_id請(qǐng)求粉絲接口獲取粉絲信息
def get_all_follower(self, name_url):
follower_page = self.get_follower_page(name_url)
# 判斷是否獲取到頁(yè)面
if not follower_page:
return
BS = BeautifulSoup(follower_page, 'html.parser')
# 獲取關(guān)注者數(shù)量
follower_num = int(BS.find('span', text='關(guān)注者').find_parent().find('strong').get_text())
# 獲取用戶的hash_id
hash_id = \
json.loads(BS.select("#zh-profile-follows-list")[0].select(".zh-general-list")[0].get('data-init'))[
'params'][
'hash_id']
# 獲取關(guān)注者列表
self.get_xsrf(follower_page) # 獲取xsrf
post_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/node/ProfileFollowersListV2'
# 開(kāi)始獲取所有的關(guān)注者 math.ceil(follower_num/20)*20
for i in range(0, math.ceil(follower_num / 20) * 20, 20):
post_data = {
'method': 'next',
'params': json.dumps({"offset": i, "order_by": "created", "hash_id": hash_id})
}
try:
j = self.session.post(post_url, params=post_data, headers=self.headers, timeout=35).text.encode(
'latin-1').decode(
'unicode-escape')
pattern = re.compile(r"class=\"zm-item-link-avatar\"[^\"]*\"([^\"]*)", re.DOTALL)
j = pattern.findall(j)
for user in j:
user = user.replace('\\', '')
self.add_wait_user(user) # 保存到redis
except Exception as err:
print("獲取正在關(guān)注失敗")
print(err)
traceback.print_exc()
pass
# 獲取正在關(guān)注列表
def get_all_following(self, name_url):
following_page = self.get_following_page(name_url)
# 判斷是否獲取到頁(yè)面
if not following_page:
return
BS = BeautifulSoup(following_page, 'html.parser')
# 獲取關(guān)注者數(shù)量
following_num = int(BS.find('span', text='關(guān)注了').find_parent().find('strong').get_text())
# 獲取用戶的hash_id
hash_id = \
json.loads(BS.select("#zh-profile-follows-list")[0].select(".zh-general-list")[0].get('data-init'))[
'params'][
'hash_id']
# 獲取關(guān)注者列表
self.get_xsrf(following_page) # 獲取xsrf
post_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/node/ProfileFolloweesListV2'
# 開(kāi)始獲取所有的關(guān)注者 math.ceil(follower_num/20)*20
for i in range(0, math.ceil(following_num / 20) * 20, 20):
post_data = {
'method': 'next',
'params': json.dumps({"offset": i, "order_by": "created", "hash_id": hash_id})
}
try:
j = self.session.post(post_url, params=post_data, headers=self.headers, timeout=35).text.encode(
'latin-1').decode(
'unicode-escape')
pattern = re.compile(r"class=\"zm-item-link-avatar\"[^\"]*\"([^\"]*)", re.DOTALL)
j = pattern.findall(j)
for user in j:
user = user.replace('\\', '')
self.add_wait_user(user) # 保存到redis
except Exception as err:
print("獲取正在關(guān)注失敗")
print(err)
traceback.print_exc()
pass
調(diào)用知乎的API，獲取所有的關(guān)注用戶列表和粉絲用戶列表，遞歸獲取用戶
這里需要注意的是頭部要記得帶上x(chóng)srf不然會(huì)拋出403
# 分析about頁(yè)面，獲取用戶詳細(xì)資料
def get_user_info(self, name_url):
about_page = self.get_user_page(name_url)
# 判斷是否獲取到頁(yè)面
if not about_page:
print("獲取用戶詳情頁(yè)面失敗，跳過(guò)，name_url：" + name_url)
return
self.get_xsrf(about_page)
BS = BeautifulSoup(about_page, 'html.parser')
# 獲取頁(yè)面的具體數(shù)據(jù)
try:
nickname = BS.find("a", class_="name").get_text() if BS.find("a", class_="name") else ''
user_type = name_url[1:name_url.index('/', 1)]
self_domain = name_url[name_url.index('/', 1) + 1:]
gender = 2 if BS.find("i", class_="icon icon-profile-female") else (1 if BS.find("i", class_="icon icon-profile-male") else 3)
follower_num = int(BS.find('span', text='關(guān)注者').find_parent().find('strong').get_text())
following_num = int(BS.find('span', text='關(guān)注了').find_parent().find('strong').get_text())
agree_num = int(re.findall(r'
(.*)
.*贊同', about_page)[0])
appreciate_num = int(re.findall(r'
(.*)
.*感謝', about_page)[0])
star_num = int(re.findall(r'
(.*)
.*收藏', about_page)[0])
share_num = int(re.findall(r'
(.*)
.*分享', about_page)[0])
browse_num = int(BS.find_all("span", class_="zg-gray-normal")[2].find("strong").get_text())
trade = BS.find("span", class_="business item").get('title') if BS.find("span",
class_="business item") else ''
company = BS.find("span", class_="employment item").get('title') if BS.find("span",
class_="employment item") else ''
school = BS.find("span", class_="education item").get('title') if BS.find("span",
class_="education item") else ''
major = BS.find("span", class_="education-extra item").get('title') if BS.find("span",
class_="education-extra item") else ''
job = BS.find("span", class_="position item").get_text() if BS.find("span",
class_="position item") else ''
location = BS.find("span", class_="location item").get('title') if BS.find("span",
class_="location item") else ''
description = BS.find("div", class_="bio ellipsis").get('title') if BS.find("div",
class_="bio ellipsis") else ''
ask_num = int(BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[1].find("span").get_text()) if \
BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[
1] else int(0)
answer_num = int(BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[2].find("span").get_text()) if \
BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[
2] else int(0)
article_num = int(BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[3].find("span").get_text()) if \
BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[3] else int(0)
collect_num = int(BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[4].find("span").get_text()) if \
BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[4] else int(0)
public_edit_num = int(BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[5].find("span").get_text()) if \
BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[5] else int(0)
replace_data = \
(pymysql.escape_string(name_url), nickname, self_domain, user_type,
gender, follower_num, following_num, agree_num, appreciate_num, star_num, share_num, browse_num,
trade, company, school, major, job, location, pymysql.escape_string(description),
ask_num, answer_num, article_num, collect_num, public_edit_num)
replace_sql = '''REPLACE INTO
user(url,nickname,self_domain,user_type,
gender, follower,following,agree_num,appreciate_num,star_num,share_num,browse_num,
trade,company,school,major,job,location,description,
ask_num,answer_num,article_num,collect_num,public_edit_num)
VALUES(%s,%s,%s,%s,
%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,
%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,
%s,%s,%s,%s,%s)'''
try:
print("獲取到數(shù)據(jù)：")
print(replace_data)
self.db_cursor.execute(replace_sql, replace_data)
self.db.commit()
except Exception as err:
print("插入數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)出錯(cuò)")
print("獲取到數(shù)據(jù)：")
print(replace_data)
print("插入語(yǔ)句：" + self.db_cursor._last_executed)
self.db.rollback()
print(err)
traceback.print_exc()
except Exception as err:
print("獲取數(shù)據(jù)出錯(cuò)，跳過(guò)用戶")
self.redis_con.hdel("already_get_user", name_url)
self.del_already_user(name_url)
print(err)
traceback.print_exc()
pass
最后，到用戶的about頁(yè)面，分析頁(yè)面元素，利用正則或者beatifulsoup分析抓取頁(yè)面的數(shù)據(jù)
這里我們SQL語(yǔ)句用REPLACE INTO而不用INSERT INTO，這樣可以很好的防止數(shù)據(jù)重復(fù)問(wèn)題
# 開(kāi)始抓取用戶，程序總?cè)肟?def entrance(self):
while 1:
if int(self.redis_con.llen("user_queue")) < 1:
self.get_index_page_user()
else:
# 出隊(duì)列獲取用戶name_url redis取出的是byte，要decode成utf-8
name_url = str(self.redis_con.rpop("user_queue").decode('utf-8'))
print("正在處理name_url：" + name_url)
self.get_user_info(name_url)
if int(self.redis_con.llen("user_queue")) <= int(self.max_queue_len):
self.get_all_follower(name_url)
self.get_all_following(name_url)
self.session.cookies.save()
def run(self):
print(self.name + " is running")
self.entrance()
最后，入口
if __name__ == '__main__':
login = GetUser(999, "登陸線程")
threads = []
for i in range(0, 4):
m = GetUser(i, "thread" + str(i))
threads.append(m)
for i in range(0, 4):
threads[i].start()
for i in range(0, 4):
threads[i].join()
這里就是多線程的開(kāi)啟，需要開(kāi)啟多少個(gè)線程就把4換成多少就可以了
Docker
嫌麻煩的可以參考一下我用docker簡(jiǎn)單的搭建一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)環(huán)境：
mysql和redis都是官方鏡像
docker run --name mysql -itd mysql:latest
docker run --name redis -itd mysql:latest
再利用docker-compose運(yùn)行python鏡像，我的python的docker-compose.yml：
python:
container_name: python
build: .
ports:
- "84:80"
external_links:
- memcache:memcache
- mysql:mysql
- redis:redis
volumes:
- /docker_containers/python/www:/var/www/html
tty: true
stdin_open: true
extra_hosts:
- "python:192.168.102.140"
environment:
PYTHONIOENCODING: utf-8
最后附上源代碼： GITHUB https://github.com/kong36088/ZhihuSpider
本站下載地址： http://xiazai.jb51.net/201612/yuanma/ZhihuSpider(jb51.net).zip
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