Select
用途:
從指定表中取出指定的列的數據
語法:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
|
解釋:
從數據庫中選取資料列,并允許從一或多個資料表中,選取一或多個資料列或資料行。SELECT 陳述式的完整語法相當復雜,但主要子句可摘要為:
SELECT select_list
[ INTO new_table ]
FROM table_source
[ WHERE search_condition ]
[ GROUP BY group_by_expression ]
[ HAVING search_condition ]
[ ORDER BY order_expression [ ASC | DESC ] ]
[ INTO new_table ]
FROM table_source
[ WHERE search_condition ]
[ GROUP BY group_by_expression ]
[ HAVING search_condition ]
[ ORDER BY order_expression [ ASC | DESC ] ]
例:
“Persons”
表中的數據有
LastName
|
FirstName
|
Address
|
City
|
Hansen
|
Ola
|
Timoteivn 10
|
Sandnes
|
Svendson
|
Tove
|
Borgvn 23
|
Sandnes
|
Pettersen
|
Kari
|
Storgt 20
|
Stavanger
|
選出字段名”
LastName
”、”
FirstName
” 的數據
SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons
|
返回結果
:
LastName
|
FirstName
|
Hansen
|
Ola
|
Svendson
|
Tove
|
Pettersen
|
Kari
|
選出所有字段的數據
SELECT * FROM Persons
|
返回結果
:
LastName
|
FirstName
|
Address
|
City
|
Hansen
|
Ola
|
Timoteivn 10
|
Sandnes
|
Svendson
|
Tove
|
Borgvn 23
|
Sandnes
|
Pettersen
|
Kari
|
Storgt 20
|
Stavanger
|
Where
用途:
被用來規定一種選擇查詢的標準
語法:
SELECT column FROM table WHERE column condition value
|
下面的操作符能被使用在
WHERE
中:
=,<>,>,<,>=,<=,BETWEEN,LIKE
注意:
在某些
SQL
的版本中不等號
< >
能被寫作為
!=
解釋:
SELECT語句返回WHERE子句中條件為true的數據
例:
從
”Persons”
表中選出生活在
” Sandnes”
的人
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City='Sandnes'
|
"Persons"
表中的數據有
:
LastName
|
FirstName
|
Address
|
City
|
Year
|
Hansen
|
Ola
|
Timoteivn 10
|
Sandnes
|
1951
|
Svendson
|
Tove
|
Borgvn 23
|
Sandnes
|
1978
|
Svendson
|
Stale
|
Kaivn 18
|
Sandnes
|
1980
|
Pettersen
|
Kari
|
Storgt 20
|
Stavanger
|
1960
|
返回結果
:
LastName
|
FirstName
|
Address
|
City
|
Year
|
Hansen
|
Ola
|
Timoteivn 10
|
Sandnes
|
1951
|
Svendson
|
Tove
|
Borgvn 23
|
Sandnes
|
1978
|
Svendson
|
Stale
|
Kaivn 18
|
Sandnes
|
1980
|
And & Or
用途:
在WHERE子句中AND和OR被用來連接兩個或者更多的條件
解釋:
AND在結合兩個布爾表達式時,只有在兩個表達式都為 TRUE 時才傳回 TRUE
OR在結合兩個布爾表達式時,只要其中一個條件為 TRUE 時,OR便傳回 TRUE
例:
"Persons"
表中的
原始數據
:
LastName
|
FirstName
|
Address
|
City
|
Hansen
|
Ola
|
Timoteivn 10
|
Sandnes
|
Svendson
|
Tove
|
Borgvn 23
|
Sandnes
|
Svendson
|
Stephen
|
Kaivn 18
|
Sandnes
|
用
AND
運算子來查找
"Persons"
表中
FirstName
為
”Tove”
而且
LastName
為
” Svendson”
的數據
SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE FirstName='Tove'
AND LastName='Svendson'
|
返回結果
:
LastName
|
FirstName
|
Address
|
City
|
Svendson
|
Tove
|
Borgvn 23
|
Sandnes
|
用
OR
運算子來查找
"Persons"
表中
FirstName
為
”Tove”
或者
LastName
為
” Svendson”
的數據
SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE firstname='Tove'
OR lastname='Svendson'
|
返回結果
:
LastName
|
FirstName
|
Address
|
City
|
Svendson
|
Tove
|
Borgvn 23
|
Sandnes
|
Svendson
|
Stephen
|
Kaivn 18
|
Sandnes
|
你也能結合AND和OR (使用括號形成復雜的表達式),如:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE
(FirstName='Tove' OR FirstName='Stephen')
AND LastName='Svendson'
|
返回結果
:
LastName
|
FirstName
|
Address
|
City
|
Svendson
|
Tove
|
Borgvn 23
|
Sandnes
|
Svendson
|
Stephen
|
Kaivn 18
|
Sandnes
|
Between…And
用途:
指定需返回數據的范圍
語法:
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
WHERE column_name
BETWEEN value1AND value2
|
例:
“Persons”
表中的原始數據
LastName
|
FirstName
|
Address
|
City
|
Hansen
|
Ola
|
Timoteivn 10
|
Sandnes
|
Nordmann
|
Anna
|
Neset 18
|
Sandnes
|
Pettersen
|
Kari
|
Storgt 20
|
Stavanger
|
Svendson
|
Tove
|
Borgvn 23
|
Sandnes
|
用
BETWEEN…AND
返回
LastName
為從
”Hansen”
到
”Pettersen”
的數據:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName
BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'
|
返回結果
:
LastName
|
FirstName
|
Address
|
City
|
Hansen
|
Ola
|
Timoteivn 10
|
Sandnes
|
Nordmann
|
Anna
|
Neset 18
|
Sandnes
|
Pettersen
|
Kari
|
Storgt 20
|
Stavanger
|
為了顯示指定范圍之外的數據,也可以用NOT操作符:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName
NOT BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'
|
返回結果
:
LastName
|
FirstName
|
Address
|
City
|
Svendson
|
Tove
|
Borgvn 23
|
Sandnes
|
Distinct
用途:
DISTINCT關鍵字被用作返回唯一的值
語法:
SELECT DISTINCT column-name(s) FROM table-name
|
解釋:
當column-name(s)中存在重復的值時,返回結果僅留下一個
例:
“Orders”表中的原始數據
Company
|
OrderNumber
|
Sega
|
3412
|
W3Schools
|
2312
|
Trio
|
4678
|
W3Schools
|
6798
|
用
DISTINCT
關鍵字返回
Company
字段中唯一的值:
SELECT DISTINCT Company FROM Orders
|
返回結果
:
Company
|
Sega
|
W3Schools
|
Trio
|
Order by
用途:
指定結果集的排序
語法:
SELECT column-name(s) FROM table-name ORDER BY { order_by_expression [ ASC | DESC ] } |
解釋:
指定結果集的排序,可以按照ASC(遞增方式排序,從最低值到最高值)或者DESC(遞減方式排序,從最高值到最低值)的方式進行排序,默認的方式是ASC
例:
“Orders”表中的原始數據
:
Company
|
OrderNumber
|
Sega
|
3412
|
ABC Shop
|
5678
|
W3Schools
|
2312
|
W3Schools
|
6798
|
按照
Company
字段的升序方式返回結果集:
SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders
ORDER BY Company
|
返回結果
:
Company
|
OrderNumber
|
ABC Shop
|
5678
|
Sega
|
3412
|
W3Schools
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