有興趣可看此處原文及相關(guān)討論: 總結(jié)一下最近關(guān)于domain object以及相關(guān)的討論
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在最近的圍繞domain object的討論中浮現(xiàn)出來了三種模型,(還有一些其他的旁枝,不一一分析了),經(jīng)過一番討論,各種問題逐漸清晰起來,在這里我試圖做一個(gè)總結(jié),便于大家了解和掌握。
第一種模型:只有g(shù)etter/setter方法的純數(shù)據(jù)類,所有的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯完全由business object來完成(又稱TransactionScript),這種模型下的domain object被Martin Fowler稱之為“貧血的domain object”。下面用舉一個(gè)具體的代碼來說明,代碼來自Hibernate的caveatemptor,但經(jīng)過我的改寫:
一個(gè)實(shí)體類叫做Item,指的是一個(gè)拍賣項(xiàng)目
一個(gè)DAO接口類叫做ItemDao
一個(gè)DAO接口實(shí)現(xiàn)類叫做ItemDaoHibernateImpl
一個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)邏輯類叫做ItemManager(或者叫做ItemService)
- public ? class ?Item? implements ?Serializable?{??
- ???? private ?Long?id?=? null ;??
- ???? private ? int ?version;??
- ???? private ?String?name;??
- ???? private ?User?seller;??
- ???? private ?String?description;??
- ???? private ?MonetaryAmount?initialPrice;??
- ???? private ?MonetaryAmount?reservePrice;??
- ???? private ?Date?startDate;??
- ???? private ?Date?endDate;??
- ???? private ?Set?categorizedItems?=? new ?HashSet();??
- ???? private ?Collection?bids?=? new ?ArrayList();??
- ???? private ?Bid?successfulBid;??
- ???? private ?ItemState?state;??
- ???? private ?User?approvedBy;??
- ???? private ?Date?approvalDatetime;??
- ???? private ?Date?created?=? new ?Date();??
- ???? //??getter/setter方法省略不寫,避免篇幅太長(zhǎng) ??
- }??
public class Item implements Serializable {
private Long id = null;
private int version;
private String name;
private User seller;
private String description;
private MonetaryAmount initialPrice;
private MonetaryAmount reservePrice;
private Date startDate;
private Date endDate;
private Set categorizedItems = new HashSet();
private Collection bids = new ArrayList();
private Bid successfulBid;
private ItemState state;
private User approvedBy;
private Date approvalDatetime;
private Date created = new Date();
// getter/setter方法省略不寫,避免篇幅太長(zhǎng)
}
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- public ? interface ?ItemDao?{??
- ???? public ?Item?getItemById(Long?id);??
- ???? public ?Collection?findAll();??
- ???? public ? void ?updateItem(Item?item);??
- }??
public interface ItemDao {
public Item getItemById(Long id);
public Collection findAll();
public void updateItem(Item item);
}
ItemDao定義持久化操作的接口,用于隔離持久化代碼。
- public ? class ?ItemDaoHibernateImpl? implements ?ItemDao? extends ?HibernateDaoSupport?{??
- ???? public ?Item?getItemById(Long?id)?{??
- ???????? return ?(Item)?getHibernateTemplate().load(Item. class ,?id);??
- ????}??
- ???? public ?Collection?findAll()?{??
- ???????? return ?(List)?getHibernateTemplate().find( "from?Item" );??
- ????}??
- ???? public ? void ?updateItem(Item?item)?{??
- ????????getHibernateTemplate().update(item);??
- ????}??
- }??
public class ItemDaoHibernateImpl implements ItemDao extends HibernateDaoSupport {
public Item getItemById(Long id) {
return (Item) getHibernateTemplate().load(Item.class, id);
}
public Collection findAll() {
return (List) getHibernateTemplate().find("from Item");
}
public void updateItem(Item item) {
getHibernateTemplate().update(item);
}
}
ItemDaoHibernateImpl完成具體的持久化工作,請(qǐng)注意,數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)資源的獲取和釋放是在ItemDaoHibernateImpl 里面處理的,每個(gè)DAO方法調(diào)用之前打開Session,DAO方法調(diào)用之后,關(guān)閉Session。(Session放在ThreadLocal中,保證 一次調(diào)用只打開關(guān)閉一次)
- public ? class ?ItemManager?{??
- ???? private ?ItemDao?itemDao;??
- ???? public ? void ?setItemDao(ItemDao?itemDao)?{? this .itemDao?=?itemDao;}??
- ???? public ?Bid?loadItemById(Long?id)?{???
- ????????itemDao.loadItemById(id);??
- ????}??
- ???? public ?Collection?listAllItems()?{??
- ???????? return ??itemDao.findAll();??
- ????}??
- ???? public ?Bid?placeBid(Item?item,?User?bidder,?MonetaryAmount?bidAmount,??
- ????????????????????????Bid?currentMaxBid,?Bid?currentMinBid)? throws ?BusinessException?{??
- ???????????? if ?(currentMaxBid?!=? null ?&&?currentMaxBid.getAmount().compareTo(bidAmount)?>? 0 )?{??
- ???????? throw ? new ?BusinessException( "Bid?too?low." );??
- ????}??
- ??????
- ???? //?Auction?is?active ??
- ???? if ?(?!state.equals(ItemState.ACTIVE)?)??
- ???????? throw ? new ?BusinessException( "Auction?is?not?active?yet." );??
- ??????
- ???? //?Auction?still?valid ??
- ???? if ?(?item.getEndDate().before(? new ?Date()?)?)??
- ???????? throw ? new ?BusinessException( "Can't?place?new?bid,?auction?already?ended." );??
- ??????
- ???? //?Create?new?Bid ??
- ????Bid?newBid?=? new ?Bid(bidAmount,?item,?bidder);??
- ??????
- ???? //?Place?bid?for?this?Item ??
- ????item.getBids().add(newBid);??
- ????itemDao.update(item);????? //??調(diào)用DAO完成持久化操作 ??
- ???? return ?newBid;??
- ????}??
- }??
public class ItemManager {
private ItemDao itemDao;
public void setItemDao(ItemDao itemDao) { this.itemDao = itemDao;}
public Bid loadItemById(Long id) {
itemDao.loadItemById(id);
}
public Collection listAllItems() {
return itemDao.findAll();
}
public Bid placeBid(Item item, User bidder, MonetaryAmount bidAmount,
Bid currentMaxBid, Bid currentMinBid) throws BusinessException {
if (currentMaxBid != null && currentMaxBid.getAmount().compareTo(bidAmount) > 0) {
throw new BusinessException("Bid too low.");
}
// Auction is active
if ( !state.equals(ItemState.ACTIVE) )
throw new BusinessException("Auction is not active yet.");
// Auction still valid
if ( item.getEndDate().before( new Date() ) )
throw new BusinessException("Can't place new bid, auction already ended.");
// Create new Bid
Bid newBid = new Bid(bidAmount, item, bidder);
// Place bid for this Item
item.getBids().add(newBid);
itemDao.update(item); // 調(diào)用DAO完成持久化操作
return newBid;
}
}
事務(wù)的管理是在ItemManger這一層完成的,ItemManager實(shí)現(xiàn)具體的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯。除了常見的和CRUD有關(guān)的簡(jiǎn)單邏輯之外,這里還有一個(gè)placeBid的邏輯,即項(xiàng)目的競(jìng)標(biāo)。
以上是一個(gè)完整的第一種模型的示例代碼。在這個(gè)示例中,placeBid,loadItemById,findAll等等業(yè)務(wù)邏輯統(tǒng)統(tǒng)放在ItemManager中實(shí)現(xiàn),而Item只有g(shù)etter/setter方法。
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第二種模型,也就是Martin Fowler指的rich domain object是下面這樣子的:
一個(gè)帶有業(yè)務(wù)邏輯的實(shí)體類,即domain object是Item
一個(gè)DAO接口ItemDao
一個(gè)DAO實(shí)現(xiàn)ItemDaoHibernateImpl
一個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)邏輯對(duì)象ItemManager
- public ? class ?Item? implements ?Serializable?{??
- ???? //??所有的屬性和getter/setter方法同上,省略 ??
- ???? public ?Bid?placeBid(User?bidder,?MonetaryAmount?bidAmount,??
- ????????????????????????Bid?currentMaxBid,?Bid?currentMinBid)??
- ???????? throws ?BusinessException?{??
- ??????
- ???????? //?Check?highest?bid?(can?also?be?a?different?Strategy?(pattern)) ??
- ???????? if ?(currentMaxBid?!=? null ?&&?currentMaxBid.getAmount().compareTo(bidAmount)?>? 0 )?{??
- ???????????? throw ? new ?BusinessException( "Bid?too?low." );??
- ????????}??
- ??????
- ???????? //?Auction?is?active ??
- ???????? if ?(?!state.equals(ItemState.ACTIVE)?)??
- ???????????? throw ? new ?BusinessException( "Auction?is?not?active?yet." );??
- ??????
- ???????? //?Auction?still?valid ??
- ???????? if ?(? this .getEndDate().before(? new ?Date()?)?)??
- ???????????? throw ? new ?BusinessException( "Can't?place?new?bid,?auction?already?ended." );??
- ??????
- ???????? //?Create?new?Bid ??
- ????????Bid?newBid?=? new ?Bid(bidAmount,? this ,?bidder);??
- ??????
- ???????? //?Place?bid?for?this?Item ??
- ???????? this .getBids.add(newBid);?? //?請(qǐng)注意這一句,透明的進(jìn)行了持久化,但是不能在這里調(diào)用ItemDao,Item不能對(duì)ItemDao產(chǎn)生依賴! ??
- ??????
- ???????? return ?newBid;??
- ????}??
- }??
public class Item implements Serializable {
// 所有的屬性和getter/setter方法同上,省略
public Bid placeBid(User bidder, MonetaryAmount bidAmount,
Bid currentMaxBid, Bid currentMinBid)
throws BusinessException {
// Check highest bid (can also be a different Strategy (pattern))
if (currentMaxBid != null && currentMaxBid.getAmount().compareTo(bidAmount) > 0) {
throw new BusinessException("Bid too low.");
}
// Auction is active
if ( !state.equals(ItemState.ACTIVE) )
throw new BusinessException("Auction is not active yet.");
// Auction still valid
if ( this.getEndDate().before( new Date() ) )
throw new BusinessException("Can't place new bid, auction already ended.");
// Create new Bid
Bid newBid = new Bid(bidAmount, this, bidder);
// Place bid for this Item
this.getBids.add(newBid); // 請(qǐng)注意這一句,透明的進(jìn)行了持久化,但是不能在這里調(diào)用ItemDao,Item不能對(duì)ItemDao產(chǎn)生依賴!
return newBid;
}
}
競(jìng)標(biāo)這個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)邏輯被放入到Item中來。請(qǐng)注意this.getBids.add(newBid);? 如果沒有Hibernate或者JDO這種O/R Mapping的支持,我們是無法實(shí)現(xiàn)這種透明的持久化行為的。但是請(qǐng)注意,Item里面不能去調(diào)用ItemDAO,對(duì)ItemDAO產(chǎn)生依賴!
ItemDao和ItemDaoHibernateImpl的代碼同上,省略。
- public ? class ?ItemManager?{???
- ???? private ?ItemDao?itemDao;???
- ???? public ? void ?setItemDao(ItemDao?itemDao)?{? this .itemDao?=?itemDao;}???
- ???? public ?Bid?loadItemById(Long?id)?{???
- ????????itemDao.loadItemById(id);???
- ????}???
- ???? public ?Collection?listAllItems()?{???
- ???????? return ??itemDao.findAll();???
- ????}???
- ???? public ?Bid?placeBid(Item?item,?User?bidder,?MonetaryAmount?bidAmount,???
- ????????????????????????????Bid?currentMaxBid,?Bid?currentMinBid)? throws ?BusinessException?{???
- ????????item.placeBid(bidder,?bidAmount,?currentMaxBid,?currentMinBid);??
- ????????itemDao.update(item);???? //?必須顯式的調(diào)用DAO,保持持久化 ??
- ????}??
- }??
public class ItemManager {
private ItemDao itemDao;
public void setItemDao(ItemDao itemDao) { this.itemDao = itemDao;}
public Bid loadItemById(Long id) {
itemDao.loadItemById(id);
}
public Collection listAllItems() {
return itemDao.findAll();
}
public Bid placeBid(Item item, User bidder, MonetaryAmount bidAmount,
Bid currentMaxBid, Bid currentMinBid) throws BusinessException {
item.placeBid(bidder, bidAmount, currentMaxBid, currentMinBid);
itemDao.update(item); // 必須顯式的調(diào)用DAO,保持持久化
}
}
在第二種模型中,placeBid業(yè)務(wù)邏輯是放在Item中實(shí)現(xiàn)的,而loadItemById和findAll業(yè)務(wù)邏輯是放在 ItemManager中實(shí)現(xiàn)的。不過值得注意的是,即使placeBid業(yè)務(wù)邏輯放在Item中,你仍然需要在ItemManager中簡(jiǎn)單的封裝一 層,以保證對(duì)placeBid業(yè)務(wù)邏輯進(jìn)行事務(wù)的管理和持久化的觸發(fā)。
這種模型是Martin Fowler所指的真正的domain model。在這種模型中,有三個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)邏輯方法:placeBid,loadItemById和findAll,現(xiàn)在的問題是哪個(gè)邏輯應(yīng)該放在Item 中,哪個(gè)邏輯應(yīng)該放在ItemManager中。在我們這個(gè)例子中,placeBid放在Item中(但是ItemManager也需要對(duì)它進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的封 裝),loadItemById和findAll是放在ItemManager中的。
切分的原則是什么呢? Rod Johnson提出原則是“case by case”,可重用度高的,和domain object狀態(tài)密切關(guān)聯(lián)的放在Item中,可重用度低的,和domain object狀態(tài)沒有密切關(guān)聯(lián)的放在ItemManager中。
我提出的原則是:看業(yè)務(wù)方法是否顯式的依賴持久化。
Item的placeBid這個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)邏輯方法沒有顯式的對(duì)持久化ItemDao接口產(chǎn)生依賴,所以要放在Item中。
請(qǐng)注意,如果脫離了Hibernate這個(gè)持久化框架,Item這個(gè)domain object是可以進(jìn)行單元測(cè)試的,他不依賴于Hibernate的持久化機(jī)制。它是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的,可移植的,完整的,自包含的域?qū)ο?
。
而loadItemById和findAll這兩個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)邏輯方法是必須顯式的對(duì)持久化ItemDao接口產(chǎn)生依賴,否則這個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)邏輯就無法完成。 如果你要把這兩個(gè)方法放在Item中,那么Item就無法脫離Hibernate框架,無法在Hibernate框架之外獨(dú)立存在。
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第三種模型印象中好像是firebody或者是Archie提出的(也有可能不是,記不清楚了),簡(jiǎn)單的來說,這種模型就是把第二種模型的domain object和business object合二為一了。所以ItemManager就不需要了,在這種模型下面,只有三個(gè)類,他們分別是:
Item:包含了實(shí)體類信息,也包含了所有的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯
ItemDao:持久化DAO接口類
ItemDaoHibernateImpl:DAO接口的實(shí)現(xiàn)類
由于ItemDao和ItemDaoHibernateImpl和上面完全相同,就省略了。
- public ? class ?Item? implements ?Serializable?{??
- ???? //??所有的屬性和getter/setter方法都省略 ??
- ??? private ? static ?ItemDao?itemDao;??
- ???? public ? void ?setItemDao(ItemDao?itemDao)?{ this .itemDao?=?itemDao;}??
- ??????
- ???? public ? static ?Item?loadItemById(Long?id)?{??
- ???????? return ?(Item)?itemDao.loadItemById(id);??
- ????}??
- ???? public ? static ?Collection?findAll()?{??
- ???????? return ?(List)?itemDao.findAll();??
- ????}??
- ??
- ???? public ?Bid?placeBid(User?bidder,?MonetaryAmount?bidAmount,??
- ????????????????????Bid?currentMaxBid,?Bid?currentMinBid)??
- ???? throws ?BusinessException?{??
- ??????
- ???????? //?Check?highest?bid?(can?also?be?a?different?Strategy?(pattern)) ??
- ???????? if ?(currentMaxBid?!=? null ?&&?currentMaxBid.getAmount().compareTo(bidAmount)?>? 0 )?{??
- ???????????? throw ? new ?BusinessException( "Bid?too?low." );??
- ????????}??
- ??????????
- ???????? //?Auction?is?active ??
- ???????? if ?(?!state.equals(ItemState.ACTIVE)?)??
- ???????????? throw ? new ?BusinessException( "Auction?is?not?active?yet." );??
- ??????????
- ???????? //?Auction?still?valid ??
- ???????? if ?(? this .getEndDate().before(? new ?Date()?)?)??
- ???????????? throw ? new ?BusinessException( "Can't?place?new?bid,?auction?already?ended." );??
- ??????????
- ???????? //?Create?new?Bid ??
- ????????Bid?newBid?=? new ?Bid(bidAmount,? this ,?bidder);??
- ??????????
- ???????? //?Place?bid?for?this?Item ??
- ???????? this .addBid(newBid);??
- ????????itemDao.update( this );?????? //??調(diào)用DAO進(jìn)行顯式持久化 ??
- ???????? return ?newBid;??
- ????}??
- }??
public class Item implements Serializable {
// 所有的屬性和getter/setter方法都省略
private static ItemDao itemDao;
public void setItemDao(ItemDao itemDao) {this.itemDao = itemDao;}
public static Item loadItemById(Long id) {
return (Item) itemDao.loadItemById(id);
}
public static Collection findAll() {
return (List) itemDao.findAll();
}
public Bid placeBid(User bidder, MonetaryAmount bidAmount,
Bid currentMaxBid, Bid currentMinBid)
throws BusinessException {
// Check highest bid (can also be a different Strategy (pattern))
if (currentMaxBid != null && currentMaxBid.getAmount().compareTo(bidAmount) > 0) {
throw new BusinessException("Bid too low.");
}
// Auction is active
if ( !state.equals(ItemState.ACTIVE) )
throw new BusinessException("Auction is not active yet.");
// Auction still valid
if ( this.getEndDate().before( new Date() ) )
throw new BusinessException("Can't place new bid, auction already ended.");
// Create new Bid
Bid newBid = new Bid(bidAmount, this, bidder);
// Place bid for this Item
this.addBid(newBid);
itemDao.update(this); // 調(diào)用DAO進(jìn)行顯式持久化
return newBid;
}
}
在這種模型中,所有的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯全部都在Item中,事務(wù)管理也在Item中實(shí)現(xiàn)。
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轉(zhuǎn)自:http://www.iteye.com/topic/11712
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