Chapter 1. Provisioning and Deployment （部署準備）
A critical part of a cloud's scalability is the amount of effort that it takes to run your cloud. To minimize the operational cost of running your cloud, set up and use an automated deployment and configuration infrastructure.
云計算的可擴展性的一個關鍵部分是，您需要大量的精力運行你的云。為了最大限度地減少運行云的運營成本，需要設置使用自動部署和配置基礎設施。
This infrastructure includes systems to automatically install the operating system's initial configuration and later coordinate the configuration of all services automatically and centrally, which reduces both manual effort and chance for error.
這些包括自動安裝操作系統的初始配置和之后服務配置的集中自動配置管理，減少手工操作導錯誤的機會。
Automated Deployment
An automated deployment system installs and configures operating systems on new servers, without intervention, after the absolute minimum amount of manual work, including physical racking, MAC to IP assignment, power configuration, and so on. Typically solutions rely on wrappers around PXE boot and TFTP servers for the basic operating system install, then hand off to an automated configuration management system.
在新服務器上，絕對最低量的體力勞動，包括物理貨架，MAC分配IP地址，電源配置，依此類推，然后安裝自動部署系統和配置系統。典型的解決方案包括依賴于PXE引導和TFTP服務器的基本操作系統安裝，然后移交到一個自動化的配置管理系統。
Ubuntu and Red Hat Linux both include mechanisms for configuring the operating system, including preseed and kickstart, that you can use after a network boot. Typically these are used to bootstrap an automated configuration system. Alternatively, you can use an image-based approach for deploying the operating system, such as systemimager. You can use both approaches with a virtualized infrastructure, such as when you run VMs to separate your control services and physical infrastructure.
Ubuntu和Red Hat Linux中都包括配置機制操作系統，包括preseed和kickstart,使用它們就可以從網絡引導。通常情況下，這些用來引導一個自動化配置系統。您也可以使用一個基于圖像的方法部署操作系統，如SystemImager。您可以使用這兩種方法及虛擬化的基礎設施，如當您運行控制服務和物理基礎設施的虛擬機分開。
When you create a deployment plan, focus on a few vital areas because they are very hard to modify post-deployment.
在您創建部署計劃時，應集中精力關注一些重要的領域，因為部署后他們將非常難修改。
Disk Partitioning and RAID
At the very base of any operating system are the hard drives on which the OS is installed.
在任何操作系統上的非常基礎的硬盤操作系統安裝。
You must complete the following configurations on the server's hard drives:
你必須完成對服務器的硬盤驅動器的以下配置：
- Partitioning分區
- Adding to a RAID array添加到RAID陣列
The simplest option is to use one hard drive with two partitions:
最簡單的選擇是一個硬盤兩個分區：
- File system
- Swap space
RAID is not used in this setup.
在此設置中，不使用RAID。
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Note |
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This option is not recommended for production because if the hard drive fails, that entire server is down. Instead, we recommend that you use more than one disk. The number of disks determine what types of RAID arrays to build.
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We recommend that you choose one of the following multiple disk options:
我們建議您從以下多個磁盤選項??中選擇：
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Option 1:
Partition all drives in the same way in a horizontal fashion, as shown in the following diagram:
分區中的所有驅動器水平的方式，以同樣的方式在下面的圖所示：
With this option, you can assign different partitions to different RAID arrays. You can allocate partition 1 of disk one and two to the /bootpartition mirror. You can make partition 2 of all disks the root partition mirror. You can use partition 3 of all disks for a cinder-volumes LVM partition running on a RAID 10 array.
使用此選項，您可以指定不同的分區使用不同的RAID陣列。您可以分配第一個和第二個磁盤的第一個分區到/ boot分區鏡像。你可以讓所有磁盤的第二個分區給root分區鏡。您可以讓cinder-volumes LVM運行在所有磁盤的第三分區在RAID 10陣列的分區上。
While you might end up with unused partitions, such as partition 1 in disk three and four of this example, it allows for maximum utilization off disk space. I/O performance might be an issue due to all disks being used for all tasks.
雖然你可能會結束與未使用的分區，如分區1本實施例三和四的磁盤，它允許的最大利用率關閉磁盤空間。由于所有磁盤I / O性能可能是一個問題用于所有任務。
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Option 2:
Add all raw disks to one large RAID array, either hardware or software based. You can partition this large array with the boot, root, swap, and LVM areas. This option is simple to implement and uses all partitions. However, disk I/O might suffer.
所有的原始磁盤添加到一個大的RAID陣列，硬件或基于軟件的。您可以和這個RAID陳列進行boot，root，swap和LVM。此選項很容易實現，并使用所有分區。然而，磁盤I / O性能可能會受到影響。 -
Option 3:
Dedicate entire disks to certain partitions. For example, you could allocate disk one and two entirely to the boot, root, and swap partitions under a RAID 1 mirror. Then, allocate disk 3 and 4 entirely to the LVM partition, also under a RAID 1 mirror. Disk I/O should be better because I/O is focused on dedicated tasks. However, the LVM partition is much smaller.
將整個磁盤劃給某些分區。例如，您可以分配第一個和第二個磁盤使用RAID 1然后給boot，root和swap分區。然后，分配磁盤3和4完全使用LVM分區，同時也使用RAID 1鏡像。磁盤I / O應該會更好因為I / O集中在專門的任務。然而，在LVM分區要小得多。
As with most architecture choices, the right answer depends on your environment.
架構的選擇很多，正確的答案取決于你的環境。
Network Configuration
Network configuration is a very large topic that spans multiple areas of this book. For now, make sure that your servers can PXE boot and successfully communicate with the deployment server.
網絡配置是一個非常大的話題，本書跨越多個領域的。現在，你需要做的是確保你的服務器可以與從部署服務器PXE成功引導。
For example, you usually cannot configure NICs for VLANs when PXE booting. Additionally, you usually cannot PXE boot with bonded NICs. If you run into this scenario, consider using a simple 1 GB switch in a private network on which only your cloud communicates.
例如，你通常不能對使用VLAN的配置網卡PXE引導。此外，你通常使用bonded網卡PXE引導。如果你碰上這種情況下，可以考慮使用一個簡單的1 GB交換機在一個私有網上進行云通信。
Automated Configuration
The purpose of automatic configuration management is to establish and maintain the consistency of a system with no human intervention. You want to maintain consistency in your deployments so you can have the same cloud every time, repeatably. Proper use of automatic configuration management tools ensures that components of the cloud systems are in particular states, in addition to simplifying deployment, and configuration change propagation.
自動配置管理的目的是通過無人干預的方式建立和保持系統的一致性。你想您的部署保持一致性，所以你每次可重復。正確使用自動配置管理工具除了簡化了部署和配置更改的自動部署發布，同時可以確保云中系統的每個組成部分是都在特定的狀態。
These tools also make it possible to test and roll back changes, as they are fully repeatable. Conveniently, a large body of work has been done by the OpenStack community in this space. Puppet – a configuration management tool – even provides official modules for OpenStack.
這些工具還使人們有可能以測試和回滾更改，因為它們完全可以重復。方便的是，在OpenStack社區中一個大型機構已經完成有關的工作。Puppet – 一個配置管理工具 - 甚至提供OpenStack的官方模塊
An integral part of a configuration management system is the items that it controls. You should carefully consider all of the items that you want, or do not want, to be automatically managed.
配置管理系統的一個組成部分的它能控制的項目。您應仔細考慮所有你想要的，或不想要的可自動管理的項目。
Remote Management
In our experience, most operators don't sit right next to the servers running the cloud, and many don't necessarily enjoy visiting the data center. OpenStack should be entirely remotely configurable, but sometimes not everything goes according to plan.
我們的經驗是大多數操作人員不坐在服務器旁邊運行云，許多人不一定喜歡訪問數據中心。 OpenStack的應該是完全遠程配置，但有時不是一切都按計劃進行的。
In this instance, having an out-of-band access into nodes running OpenStack components, is a boon. The IPMI protocol is the de-facto standard here, and acquiring hardware that supports it is highly recommended to achieve that lights-out data center aim.
在這種情況下，有一個帶外接入節點運行OpenStack，是一個福音。 IPMI協??議是事實上的這里的標準，并獲取支持它的硬件是高度建議實現熄燈的數據中心的目標。
In addition, consider remote power control as well. While IPMI usually controls the server's power state, having remote access to the PDU that the server is plugged into can really be useful for situations when everything seems wedged.
此外，考慮遠程電源控制。雖然IPMI通常控制服務器的電源狀態，具有遠程訪問的PDU該服務器才能真正成為有用的情況，當接入電源后。
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